| Great Indian Bustard | |
|---|---|
| At Ghatigaon Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh | |
| Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Gruiformes |
| Family: | Otididae |
| Genus: | Ardeotis |
| Species: | A. nigriceps |
| Binomial name | |
| Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors, 1831) |
|
| Points where the species has been recorded. Once widespread, the species is today found mainly in central and western India | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Choriotis nigriceps |
|
The Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) or Indian Bustard is a bustard found in India and the adjoining regions of Pakistan. A large bird with a horizontal body and long bare legs giving it an ostrich like appearance, this bird is among the heaviest of the flying birds. Once common on the dry plains of the Indian subcontinent, today perhaps as few as 250 individuals survive and the species is on the brink of extinction, being critically endangered by hunting and loss of its habitat, which consists of large expanses of dry grassland and scrub.[2] These birds are often found associated in the same habitat as blackbuck.
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This very large ground bird is unmistakable with its black cap contrasting with the pale head and neck. Among bustards, it falls behind only the Kori Bustard and the Great Bustard in size. The body is brownish with a black patch spotted in white. It stands at about a metre high(39 in) and is a large, brown and white bird, the male is about 122 cm (48 in) in length, its weight is 18–32 lb (8–14.5 kg) and the female 92 cm (36 in) in length, its weight is 7.8–15 lb (3.5–6.75 kg).[3] The male is deep sandy buff coloured and during the breeding season has a black breast band. The crown of the head is black and crested and is puffed up by displaying males. In the female which is smaller than the male, the head and neck are not pure white and the breast band is either rudimentary, broken or absent.[4] Weights are usually in the range of 9.5 kg (21 lb) but extremely large males have been claimed up to 18.15 kg (40.0 lb).[5]
Males have a well-developed gular pouch which is inflated when calling during display and helps produce the deep resonant calls.[6][7]
Abnormally leucistic or near albino birds have been reported.[8]
This species was formerly widespread in India and Pakistan[5] but is increasingly restricted to small pockets.[9] They make local movements but these are not well understood although it is known that populations disperse after the monsoons.[10] Males are said to be solitary during the breeding season but form small flocks in winter. Males may however distribute themselves close together[11] and like other bustards they are believed to use a mating system that has been termed as an "exploded or dispersed lek".[12] The male is polygamous.[13]
The habitat where it is most often found is arid and semi-arid grasslands, open country with thorn scrub, tall grass interspersed with cultivation. It avoids irrigated areas.[4] The major areas where they are known to breed are in central and western India and eastern Pakistan. The dry semi-desert regions where it was found in parts of Rajasthan has been altered by irrigation canals that have transformed the region into an intensively farmed area.[14]
The Great Indian Bustard is omnivorous, feeding on grass seeds, berries of Zizyphus, Eruca, insects (mainly orthoptera, but also beetles, particularly Mylabris sp.[5]), rodents and reptiles (in Rajasthan they are known to take Uromastyx hardwickii[15]). In cultivated areas, they feed on crops such as exposed groundnut, millets and pods of legumes.[16]
They drink water if it is available and will sometimes sit down to drink or suck water followed by raising up their heads at an angle.[17] When threatened, hens are said to carry young chicks under the wing.[18]
Breeds during March to September during which time the inflated fluffy white feathers of the male are inflated and displayed. Territorial fights between males may involve strutting next to each other, leaping against each other with legs against each other and landing down to lock the opponents head under their neck.[19] During courtship display, the male inflates the gular sac which opens under the tongue, inflating it so that a large wobbly bag appears to hang down from the neck. The tail is held cocked up over the body. The male also raises the tail and folds it on its back. The male periodically produces a resonant deep, booming call that may be heard for nearly 500m.[4][6] The female lays a single egg in an unlined scrape on the ground.[5][20] Only the females are involved in incubation and care of the young. The eggs are at risk of destruction from other animals particularly ungulates and crows.[6] Females may use a distraction display that involves flying zigzag with dangling legs.[21]
The population was estimated at less than 1,000 in 2008.[1] The main threats are hunting and habitat loss. In the past they were heavily hunted for their meat and for sport. In some places such as Rajasthan, increased irrigation by the Indira Gandhi canal have led to increased agriculture and the altered habitat has led to the disappearance of the species from these regions.[22] Some populations migrate into Pakistan where hunting pressure is high.[14] The bird is found in Rajasthan, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat states of India. Ghatigaon and Karera sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh once held sizeable populations.[23] Other sanctuaries with the species include Naliya in Kutch,[24] Karera Wildlife Sanctuary in Shivpuri district; Nannaj,[25] 18 km from Solapur in Maharashtra, Shrigonda taluka in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, near Nagpur and near Warora in Chandrapur district in Maharashtra and Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary, 45 km from Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh.[26] At Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary, habitat changes have affected the populations of blackbuck and bustards. In the 1950s the scrub forest was replaced with Eucalyptus plantations. These helped wildlife when the trees were short but after their extensive growth they made the adjoining grassland less favourable for bustards.[27][28]
A study in 2011 of the mitochondrial DNA (hypervariable control region II and cytochrome b) in 63 samples from 5 Indian states found very low genetic diversity suggesting a historical population reduction. The study suggested a population reduction or near extinction estimated about 20-40,000 years ago.[29] Attempts to breed them in captivity have failed.[30]
The Moghul emperor Babur noted that "[while] the flesh of the leg of some fowls, and of the breast of others is excellent; the flesh of every part of the Kharchal is delicious".[31][32] The Great Indian Bustard was however a cryptic and wary bird making it a challenge for sportsmen, who had to stalk carefully (sometimes using covered bullock carts[33]) to get within range.[34] British soldiers in India considered it a delicacy and the species was among the top game-birds. William Henry Sykes notes that they were common in the Deccan region where a "gentleman" had shot a thousand birds.[35][36] (E C Stuart Baker however notes that this may have been an exaggeration- ...we must remember that those were the days when tigers averaged twelve feet...)[5] Jerdon noted that subadults and females had tastier flesh than males while Salim Ali notes that feeding on Mylabris tainted their flesh.[6][37][38]
Tribal Bhils are claimed to have used a technique for trapping females that involves setting twigs on fire around the nest containing an egg or chick. The female was then said to run to the nest and singe its wings upon which the tribals captured it.[39] Other trapping methods involving the use of nooses are described by A O Hume in his "Game Birds of India".[7] The invention of the Jeep changed the method of hunting and it became extremely easy for hunters to chase bustards down in their open semi-desert habitats.[6]
The name Hoom is used in parts of Maharashtra and is derived from the low booming call. The sharp barking alarm call leads to its name of Hookna in some parts of northern India.[5] It is known in some other parts as Gaganbher or Gurayin for the resemblance of other calls to thunder or the roar of a tiger.[40]
When the national bird of India was under consideration, the Great Indian Bustard was a proposed candidate (strongly supported by the famous Indian ornithologist, Salim Ali[41][42]), but dropped in favour of the Indian Peafowl with at least one reason being the potential for being misspelt.[43][44]